The following information was attached to a letter received by Congressman Lane Evans of Illinois on Sept. 23, 2003. It is from the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, signed by Philip W. Grone , Principal Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense.

REPORT TITLE : Summary report, herbicide operations conducted from Riverine watercraft

LOCATION : Poole’s Island, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

DATE(S) : 7/14/1969

HERBICIDE : orange, orange plus foam, orange plus foam orange, foam

SUMMARY : during the week of 7/14/1969, personnel from Naval applies Science Laboratory in conjunction with personnel from Limited War Laboratory conducted a defoliation test along the shoreline

REPORT TITLE: technical report 114, Field Evaluation of desiccants and herbicide mixtures as Rapid defoliants

LOCATION : Apalachicola National Forest near Sohoppy, FL

DATE(S) : 5/3/1967-5/8/1967

HERBICIDE : basic desiccants and orange/blue

SUMMARY : during the period 12/1966 –10/1967, a comprehensive short term evaluation was conducted by personnel from FORT DETRICK’s Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and University of Hawaii sites

REPORT TITLE : special report 149, low volume anti crop spray trials

LOCATION : Avon Air Force Base, Fl

DATE(S) : 2/1951-4/1951

HERBICIDE : b1, 2,4-d

SUMMARY : trials were conducted at Avon AFB, Fl by Chemical Corps with personnel of the Air Force and Navy to determine the practical effectiveness of spraying pure anti-crop herbicides at low volume from aircraft. C-47 and Navy XBT2D-1 aircraft with various nozzles were used

REPORT TITLE : Special report 225, Chemical anti-crop aerial spray trials using jet aircraft also in special report 232 some effects of altitude and airspeed in the behavior of chemical Anti-crop sprays

LOCATION : Avon AFB, Fl

DATE(S) : spring 1954

HERBICIDE : butyl2,4-d, butyl2,4,5-t, Isopropyl 2,4-d

SUMMARY : series of tests were conducted at Avon AFB, Fl during the spring of 1954 to study the behavior of chemical anti-crop sprays when released from high-speed jet aircraft. The Navy f3d jet fighter was used with Aerorange4A Airborne Spray Tanks to dispense the anti-crop herbicide

REPORT TITLE : Special report 13 marking and defoliation of forest vegetation

LOCATION : Beaumont, Tx

DATE(S) : 1950-51

HERBICIDE : 2,4-d

SUMMARY : The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were done with the agent

REPORT TITLE : special report 79 destruction by chemical agents also see special report 25 Vigo Plant CWS, Terra Haute, Indiana, and Beaumont, Tx, box 12

LOCATION : Beaumont, Tx

DATE(S) : 6/1944

HERBICIDE : LN*phenoxy

SUMMARY : small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN herbicides various trials were done under contract with USDA aided by personnel at FORT DETRICK here they were testing on rice crops

REPORT TITLE : Special report 13 marking and defoliation of forest vegetation

LOCATION : Brawley, Ca

DATE(S) : 1950-51

HERBICIDE : 2,4-d

SUMMARY : The purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of a chemical agent. Here, irrigation water studies were done with the agent

REPORT TITLE : Special report 79 destruction by chemical agents

LOCATION : Bushnell Army Air Base, Fl

DATE(S) : 2/1945

HERBICIDE : LN*phenoxy

SUMMARY : small plot experiments were commenced to test the effectiveness of LN herbicides various trials were done under contract with USDA aided by personnel at FORT DETRICK here they were testing on potted plants

REPORT TITLE : Crop destrution by aerial spraying, preliminary tests

LOCATION : Bushnell Army Air Base, Fl

DATE(S) : 2/1945-4/1945

HERBICIDE : 2,4-d and ammonium salt

SUMMARY : trials, performed by C.W.S. personnel from FORT DETRICK, MD tested the practicability of severely injuring or destroying crop plants sprayed from smoke tanks mounted on tactical aircraft

REPORT TITLE : special report 92 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1946 and 1947 seasons

LOCATION : FORT DETRICK, Md fields a,b,c

DATE(S) : 1946-47

HERBICIDE : 2,4,5-t, 2,4,5-t trithanolamie, tributylphosphate, ethyl 2,4-d, butyl2,4,5-t, triet 2,4-d

SUMMARY : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

REPORT TITLE : special report 130 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1949 season

LOCATION : FORT DETRICK, Md fields c,d,e

DATE(S) : 1949

HERBICIDE : Triethelyne, 2,4,5-t carbamates

SUMMARY : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

REPORT TITLE : Special report 105 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1948 season

LOCATION : FORT DETRICK, Md fields c,d,e

DATE(S) : 1948

HERBICIDE : 2,4,5-t, isopropyl phenol carbamate, LN-2425, 2,4-d

SUMMARY : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

REPORT TITLE : special reporthe experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in solid form to be taken up by the roots53 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1950 season

LOCATION : FORT DETRICK, Md fields a,b,d,e

DATE(S) : 1950

HERBICIDE : 2464, butyl2,4-d, 974, butyl2,4,5-t,q:q 143 and 974

SUMMARY : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

REPORT TITLE : Special report 156 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1950-51 season

LOCATION : FORT DETRICK, Md field f

DATE(S) : 1950-51

HERBICIDE : 2464, carbamate, butyl2,4-d, 143 and 974 (orange), 2,4,5-t, 2,4-d, orange

SUMMARY : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

REPORT TITLE : abstracts of technical publications April 1965-june1965, July 1965, technical report 50, defoliation studies: screening of defoliants, herbicides and desiccants

LOCATION: FORT DETRICK, MD

DATE(S) 8/1961-6/1963

HERBICIDE : 1410 compounds

SUMMARY : from 8// 1961 to 6/1963, compounds were spray-tested in the greenhouse to evaluate them as effective defoliants, desiccants and herbicides

REPORT TITLE : special report 201 Field development of chemical anti-crop agents response of field grown crops to chemical anti-crop agents released from experimental spray tower

LOCATION : area b FORT DETRICK, Md

DATE(S) : spring/summer 1953

HERBICIDE : 3:1 mixture 2,4-d and 2,4,5-t

SUMMARY : personnel at FORT DETRICK tested the feasibility of using experimental spray tower for applying a mixture of anti-crop herbicide to broad-leaf crops

REPORT TITLE : record 1305-01 report of Cambodian rubber damage

LOCATION : southeastern part of Kompong Cham Province and Dar and Prek Clong plantations, Cambodia

DATE(S) : 6/1969

HERBICIDE : orange

SUMMARY : in 6/1969, the US government received notice of charge by Cambodian government that major damage to the Cambodian rubber plantation near the Republic of Vietnam border had occurred as a result of US defoliation activity. This was confirmed by a team of experts.

REPORT TITLE minutes- meeting of vegetation control subcommittee of the HTCG/CB, 2-3 March 1971

LOCATION : Elgin AFB, Fl

DATE(S) : 1962-70

HERBICIDE : orange(1962-68), purple (1962-68), white (196770), Blue (1968-70)

SUMMARY : Cpt John Hunter discussed vegetation changes and ecological studies of the 2 square mile test area which had been sprayed with herbicides over the period 1962-70

REPORT TITLE : spread factor study of drops of orange and stull bifluid defoliants on kromekote cards and plant leaves

LOCATION : Elgin AFB, Fl

DATE(S) : 6/11/1968-9/12/1968

HERBICIDE : orange, Bifluid #2, stull bifluid

SUMMARY : a spread factor study was performed by the Army to correlate the spherical drop sizes of both orange and stull bifluid defoliants. It involved development of new techniques to determine spread factors over an extended range of drop sizes a spinning cup dorp generator was used

Special report 184 anti-crop aerial spray trials phase III

LOCATION : Elgin AFB, Fl

DATE(S) 11/1952-12/1952

HERBICIDE : 2,4-d.2,4,5-t: 143 and 974, respectively

SUMMARY : two trials Chemical Corps concerned with basic fundamental work using 2,4-d: Air Force concerned with evaluating prototype large capacity spray system for aircraft installation using 2,4,5-t, primarily. Used 3 atomizing nozzles: bete fog nozzles, whirljet spray nozzles and fogjethe experiments were directed mainly towards the investigation of plant inhibitors applied as sprays or to the soil in solid form to be taken up by the roots.5f50

REPORT TITLE : Technical report 114 Field ecaluation of desiccants and herbicide mixtures as rapid defoliants

LOCATION : Fort Gordon Ga

DATE(S) : 7/15/1967-7/17/1967

HERBICIDE in-house mixtures and formulations orange and blue

SUMMARY : during the period of 12/1966-10/1967 a comprehensive short term evaluation was conducted by personnel from FORT DETRICK’s Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by the USDA and University of Hawaii sites

REPORT TITLE : Misc publication 8 proceedings of the second defoliation conference 5-6 August 1964

LOCATION : Fort Richie, Md.

DATE(S) : 1963

HERBICIDE : tordon, 2,4-d,orange,diquat, endothal, and combinations of each with tordon

SUMMARY : various studies were done to explore the effectiveness of different herbicides they were all field trials these studies were done by personnel form the US Army Biological Laboratories

REPORT TITLE : Technical report BWL 16 defoliation and desiccation

LOCATION : Fort Richie, Md

DATE(S) : 1956-57

HERBICIDE : various 577 compounds

SUMMARY : in 1956, and 1957 defoliation and desiccation were carried out at FORT DETRICK and Fort Richie , Md by the Chemical Corps and Biological Warfare research. These were bench tests

REPORT TITLE : technical report 114 field evaluation of desiccants and herbicide mixtures as rapid defoliants

LOCATION : Base Georgetown near Fredricton, New Brunswick, Canada

DATE(S) : 6/20/1967-6/24/1967

HERBICIDE : basic desiccants and orange, blue, various

SUMMARY : during the period of 12/1966 –10/1967, a comprehensive short term evaluation was conducted by personnel from FORT DETRICK’s Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and university of Hawaii sites

REPORT TITLE : second quarterly progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Guanica and Joyuda, Puerto Rico

DATE(S) : 6/1956-9/1956

HERBICIDE : 2,4,5-t, potassium cyanate, amiendo, F-2, 6-Ca-4, Y-F tree and brush killer, ACP M-118, shed-a leaf

SUMMARY : 9 chemicals were evaluated on 16 genera of tropical woody between June and Sept. the chemicals were sprayed to duplicate small branches, using a micro sprayer

REPORT TITLE : Third Quarterly progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Las Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Joyuda at Cabo Rojo, and Guanica insula Forest at Guanica Puerto Rico

DATE(S) : 9/1956-12/1956

HERBICIDE : ^-ca-4, liojn oil,2,4,5-t, b-1613, b-1638, ammate, v-Fort Detrick-186, endothal, she-a-leaf, M-118, Y-f, esteron, 2,4-d, f3, f4, f5, f6

SUMMARY : 16 compounds with defoliating properties were evaluated using 28 different tropical woody plants, each representing a separate genus the chemicals were applied to duplicate small branches with a micro-sprayer and to single layer branches or whole trees with a 2-gallon knapsack sprayer

R1 : Fourth quarterly progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Las Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Guanica Beach, PR

Date(s) : 1/1957-3/1957

H1 : V-C 3-105 , V-C 1-21, V-C 1-443, F-7, TBP, Phillips 713, V-C 3-173

S1 : 7 compounds were evaluated on 29 different woody plants to determine their effectiveness as defoliants, desiccants, and as killing herbicides they were applied with a microsprayer to the upper leaf surfaces of duplicate small branches

R1 : quarterly progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Las Mesas and La Jagua, Mayaguez, Guanica Beach, PR

Date(s) : 4/1957-6/1957

H1: B-1676, b-1638, NP 1098, SD 1369, ammate, Shed-a-leaf

S1 : 7 compounds were evaluated on 29 different woody plants to determine their effectiveness as defoliants, desiccants, and as killing herbicides they were applied with a microsprayer to the upper leaf surfaces of duplicate small branches

R1 : minutes of the quarterly meetings for the calendar year 1970 of the subcommittee on defoliants/anti-crop systems, joint technical coordinating group/chemical biological

L1 : Gulf Port, Ms

Date(s): 1968-70

H1 : orange

S1 : while discussing the mandatory disposal of orange it was mentioned that15,161 drums were being stored at Gulf Port, Ms

R1 : Soil applies H1s in the control of temperate zone grasses, broadleaf weeds and woody plants

L1 : Stone Vally Experimental Forest in Huntington County and near State College in Centre County, Pa

D1 : 3/1969-10/1970

H1 : bromacile, diuron, tandex, fenuron, picloram

S1 : soil-applied h1s were studied by the U of Pa with Fort Detrick for 18 months for their effectiveness rapidity of action, and duration of response in native stands of central Pa grasses broadleaf weeds and woody plants these h1s were spread or sprayed

R1 : Spray test calibration of the HIDAL (HUS-1 or H-34)

L1: Jacksonville, Fl

D1: 7/18/1962-7/21/1962

H1 : purple, fuel oil, mix

S1 : the HIDAL was used successfully on an h-34 helicopter to spray herbicidal materials therefore it had not been calibrated previously Spray tests were performed to do so this was done under order OSD/ARPA

Report title: Technical report 114 Field evaluation of desiccants and herbicide mixtures as rapid defoliants

Location : Kauai Branch Station near Kapaa, Ha

6/1967, 10/1967, 2/1968, 12/1967

Herbicides: Blue, diquat, Orange, PCP, picloram, white,HCA,2,4,5-t, endothal

Summary: during the period of 12/1966 – 10/1967 a comprehensive short term evaluation was conducted by personnel for Fort Detrick’s Plant Science La b in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and University of Hawaii sites

Report title: Misc publication 33 information manual for vegetation control in SoutheastAsia

Location : Kauai, Ha

Date(s) : 1967

Herbicides: orange

Summary: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variable as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables

Report title: special report 130 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1949 season

Location : Kingston, Rhode Island

Date(s) : 7/26/1949, 1950-51

Herbicides: trieth,2,4,5-t, butyl2,4,5-t

Summary : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

Report title: record1305-01 report of Cambodian rubber damage

Location : southeastern part of Kompong Cham Province and Dar and Prek Clong plantations, Cambodia

DATE(S) : 6/1969

HERBICIDE : orange

SUMMARY : in 6/1969, the US government received notice of charge by Cambodian government that major damage to the Cambodian rubber plantation near the Republic of Vietnam border had occurred as a result of US defoliation activity. This was confirmed by a team of experts.

Report title: herbicide operations in southeast asia, July1961-June1967

Location : Laos

DATE(S) : 12/1965-1967

HERBICIDE : orange

SUMMARY : In Dec. 1965 herbicide operations were begun in Laos with sorties being flown from Tan Son Nhut and Da Nang the purpose was the exposure of foot trails, dirt roads and other lines of communication that crossed into South Vietnam This network leads from North Vietnam through the Eastern panhandle to Cambodian Border

Report title: special report 130 field plot experiments with plant inhibitors 1949 season

Location : Kingston, Rhode Island

Date(s) : 7/26/1949, 1950-51

Herbicides: trieth,2,4,5-t, butyl2,4,5-t

Summary : THE EXPERIMENTS WERE DIRECTED MAINLY TOWARDS THE INVESTIGATION OF PLANT INHIBITORS APPLIED AS SPRAYS OR TO THE SOIL IN SOLID FORM TO BE TAKEN UP BY THE ROOTS

Report title: record1305-01 report of Cambodian rubber damage

Location : southeastern part of Kompong Cham Province and Dar and Prek Clong plantations, Cambodia

DATE(S) : 6/1969

HERBICIDE : orange

SUMMARY : in 6/1969, the US government received notice of charge by Cambodian government that major damage to the Cambodian rubber plantation near the Republic of Vietnam border had occurred as a result of US defoliation activity. This was confirmed by a team of experts.

Report title: herbicide operations in southeast asia, July1961-June1967

Location : Laos

DATE(S) : 12/1965-1967

HERBICIDE : orange

SUMMARY : In Dec. 1965 herbicide operations were begun in Laos with sorties being flown from Tan Son Nhut and Da Nang the purpose was the exposure of foot trails, dirt roads and other lines of communication that crossed into South Vietnam This network leads from North Vietnam through the Eastern panhandle to Cambodian Border

Report title: Technical report 114 Field evaluation of desiccants and herbicide mixtures as rapid defoliants

Location : Las Mariass, PR

Dat(s) : 6/1967, 10/1967, 2/1968, 12/1967

Herbicides: various including Orange

Summary: during the period of 12/1966 – 10/1967 a comprehensive short term evaluation was conducted by personnel for Fort Detrick’s Plant Science Lab in coordination with contract research on formulations by chemical industry and field tests by USDA and University of Hawaii sites

Report title: formulation and testing of broad spectrum of herbicide pellets, second six month’s report on contract DAAA13-16-C-0218

Location: Las Messas Cerros, Mayguez,PR

Dates; 5/24/1968, 5/26/1968, 5/27/1968

Herbicides: picloram, bromacil, pyriclor

Summary in 1967, the Dow Chemical Co was awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying vegetation situations for the control of a range of species

REPORT TITLE : first quarterly progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Guanica and Joyuda, Puerto Rico

DATE(S) : 2/1956-6/1956

HERBICIDE : 2,4,5-t, pentachlorophenol, ammate,weedazol, endothal harvestaid, butyne1,4-diol

SUMMARY : during Feb to June, 9 chemicals were evaluated on 16 genera of tropical woody between June and Sept. the chemicals were Applied in highly concentrated solutions with a micrsprayer

R1 : progress report of research carried out by the federal experiment station in Puerto Rico for the Chemical Corps Biological Laboratories, FORT DETRICK on contract # CD6-404-3654

LOCATION : Las Mesas and La Jagua, PR

Date(s) : 7/1957-12/1957

H1: MgCIO3, Golden Harvest Defoliant, Dow-M562,F-8, F-9, F-10, F-11, F-12

S1 : 8 different spray formulations were applied to 16 different tropical trees and shrubs in order to evaluate their effectiveness as defoliants, desiccants and killing agents.

Report title: Misc publication 33 information manual for vegetation control in SoutheastAsia

Location : Loquillo, PR

Date(s) : 4/1966-10/1966

Herbicides: orange

Summary: Field tests of defoliants were designed to evaluate such variable as rates, volume of application, season, and vegetation. Data from aerial application tests at several CONUS and OCONUS locations are provided in tables

Report title: Dow sponsored test of TORDON ester and Orange in Hawaii

Location: State Forest area, 3500 ft elevation on slope of Maua Loa near Hilo, Ha

Dates: 12/2/1966, 12/4/1966m 1/12/1967

Herbicides: orange, M-3140, TORDON ester, 2,4-d ester, 2,4,5-t ester

Summary: the purpose of this project was to evaluate iso-octyl ester of picloram (TORDON) in mixtures with orange as a candidate defoliant agent using Orange as standard. There were personnel from Fort Detrick there

Report Title: tchnical report USAF OEHL TR 78-92 the toxicology environmental fate and human riskof herbicide Orange and its associated dioxin

Location: at seas

Date Summer 1977

Herbicide: Orange

Summary

In 1977 the USAF incinerated 2.22 MILLION GALLONS of herbicide Orange at sea in an operation entitled PACER HO extensive industrial hygiene sampling efforts supporting the transfer operations at Gulf Port Ms. And Johnson Island indicated all exposures were inconsequential (2-3 orders of magnitude below the TLVs for 2,4-d and 2,4,5-t)

Report title: investigation of spray project near Globe, AZ

Location : Pinal mountains near Globe, Az

Dates: 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969

Herbicides: 2,4-d, isooctyl-ester, silvex, propyleneglycolbutylether ester, 2,4,5-t butyl ester,2,4,5-t 2-e-h e

Summary: in 1965 the US Forest Service began a land improvement program in the Pinal Mountains the program called for spraying an area of chaparral with herbicides to accomplish the objectives of multiple land use

Report title Appendix D Aerial Herbicide applications evaluated for maximum effect and minimum drift

Location: Replacement raining Center of the Royal Thai Army near Pranburi Thailand

Dates: 1964 1965

Herbicides: orange Purple

Summary: an extensive series of tests were conducted by Fort Detrick during 1964 and 1965 in collaboration with the military research and development center of Thailand the objective was to perform onsite evaluation of phototoxic chemicals on vegetation in SE Asia

Report title : special report 13 marking and defoliation of forest vegetation

Location: Prosser,Wa

Dates 1950-51

Herbicides: 2,4-d

Summary the purpose was to determine means of accomplishing defoliation of tropical forest vegetation by application of chemical agent . here irrigation water studies were done with the agent

Report title: formulation and testing of broad spectrum of herbicide pellets, second six month’s report on contract DAAA13-16-C-0218

Location: Rio Grande PR

Dates; 8/23/1967, 10/18/1967, 12/21/1967-12/26/1967

Herbcides: picloram, bromacil, pyriclor

Summary in 1967, the Dow Chemical Co was awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying vegetation situations for the control of a range of species

Report title: formulation and testing of broad spectrum of herbicide pellets, second six month’s report on contract DAAA13-16-C-0218

Location: near Wayside MS Wilcox Road Greenville, Ms

Dates; 9/191967

Herbcides: picloram, bromacil, pyriclor

Summary in 1967, the Dow Chemical Co was awarded a DoD research contract. The objective was to prepare as pellets mixtures of various herbicides and to test them on varying vegetation situations for the control of a range of species